85 In Utero Exposure to the Korean War and its Long-Term Effects on Economic and Health Outcomes
- Chulhee Lee
- no.85 이철희 교수님.pdf
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to the disruptions caused by the Korean War (1950–1953) negatively
affected the individual socioeconomic and health outcomes at older ages. The educational
attainment and labor market performance of the subjects of the 1951 birth cohort, who were
in utero during the worst time of the war, were significantly lower in 1990 and in 2000. The
results of difference-in-difference estimations suggest that the magnitude of the negative
cohort effect is significantly larger for individuals who were more seriously traumatized by
the war. As for health outcomes, the 1950 male birth cohort exhibited a significantly higher
disability rate in 2005. Women married to the men in the 1950 birth cohort are more likely to
be disabled at old age. If potential selections in pregnancy, birth, and survival are considered,
the negative effects of the war may be even greater than the findings in this study. The longterm
effects of in utero circumstances differ by gender. This difference may be partly
attributed to the strong population selection for the 1951 female cohort and the potent
influence of the husband’s health status over the woman’s own health. Different aspects of
human capital (e.g., health and cognitive skills) were impaired by in utero exposure to the
war, depending on the stage of pregnancy when the negative shocks were experienced.
Keywords: fetal origins hypothesis; maternal stress; childhood health; Korean War
JEL classification: I10, J24, N35